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30 The Official Daily Tag 2 – Mittwoch 16 November 2022 Verbindungstechnik The change in architecture is likely to be the most obvious to users at first What exactly has changed? ADXpress is a network Each APXpress chip acts as a node in the network and can be configured as desired The connections are bidirectional so each node is a router in the network that accepts and forwards data However each node can also perform a gateway function because it packs the data into packets and transmits them over the virtual channels For this reason the chips are equipped with serial interfaces This works regardless of whether the data is streaming which cannot be interrupted or repeated or whether it is burst data For burst data interfaces such as SPI or I 2 Care provided How many virtual data paths are available? Up to 128 virtual data paths can be realized The data paths are based on data packets of constant size As part of the data packets addresses define a unique path through the network For example if data is sent from node 1 to node 4 via nodes 2 and 3 the packet is assigned address 4 The address is static packets are always sent along the same path Thus packetized data streams are created and data transmission is deterministic We will present two demonstrators based on different FPGAs at our booth One demonstrator reaches 20 Gbit s the second will reach 30 Gbit s or 4 × 24 Gbit s over optical fiber when fully extended The sum of the data rates for all virtual channels of a nodetonode connection must not exceed the physical layer bandwidth between these nodes We chose a data rate of 30 Gbit s because the cables in the car can just about manage these data rates Simply put the virtual data paths look like a simple wire to users regardless of whether data is transmitted serially at 6 Gbit s between certain nodes or optically at 4 × 24 Gbit s between others The data transfer on the serial medium still works within a frame structure consisting of sync and data symbols – as it does in APIX – and not in packets? Yes the data transfer takes place in frames and the data rates are defined via the respective serial interface Each frame carries coded data symbols and a regularly recurring sync symbol and is sent over the respective links This was also the principle of APIX However the application data is packed into data packets and these are combined into a packet data stream Thus on a serial level the transmission takes place in frames into which the packets are bound They can be large or small and if there is no data packets to be transmitted then empty packets are sent Thus the packet data rate is matched to the serial frame data rate for continuous transmission The physical layer is effectively decoupled from the packet layer On the packet layer the virtual channel layer different packets – depending on the application – are sent for example for video or LiDAR Ilike to compare this to different roads – minor roads interstates and highways The nodes correspond to intersections and the data packets correspond to cars in this picture Green cars would then be the video data blue cars would be the LiDAR data We can transmit the data this way over any serial physical layers the bandwidths are adjustable – but the resulting data rate of the virtual data paths must be less than or equal to the bandwidth of the serial medium between the corresponding nodes The physical layer can be selected depending on how much and how fast data must be transferred between the respective nodes The corresponding interfaces and the functions for packing the packets are integrated on the chips? Yes that‘s what differentiates ADXpress from other buses that often do packetization in software With us everything happens in hardware Our chips do not need any drivers for data processing That saves a lot of overhead By the way implementing everything in hardware has been Inova‘s strategy from the very beginning from our first GigaStar family through the three APIX generations to the new ADXpress The big advantage low latency Why is transmission via fiber optics also planned since it hardly plays a role in cars? Not at the moment but Ithink it is very likely that optical transmission will soon be used in cars We wanted to be prepared for this with ADXpress we want to be as independent as possible Inova also wants to create further independence at the level of the design process What is new in this respect? We first developed a model of the architecture with SystemC Simply put it is C++ plus a library We chose our coding style so that the result can be translated almost onetoone into a hardware description language but at the same time anything you can do in Ccan be incorporated For example one can calculate the spectrum of the serial data stream and model and simulate different channel models with different error characteristics Because the designers can model the system on the PC they can simulate very quickly and try out whether everything works Then the design is transferred to an FPGA In this way many system errors can be avoided This is very important given the high level of complexity that ADXpress achieves What does the use of SystemC mean for the development process? We can simulate the entire system very early in the development process and much faster than before Furthermore this design process leads to additional advantages First there is now an unambiguous system description it is no longer possible to argue about the specifications defined in this way Second it also has an effect on our ecosystem and will open up many new opportunities for us We can now model close to the hardware together with the customers and involve them in the modeling of the system This leads to a first time right system which is crucial for cost reductions After all system manufacturers no longer want or can afford expensive and time consuming redesigns The questions were asked by Heinz Arnold Inova Semiconductors Hall 4 Booth 301 Continued from page 1 ❚ Leiterplattenanschluss Happy Birthday Combicon Phoenix Contact feiert das 50-jährige Bestehen der Leiterplatten-Anschlusstechnik »Combicon« Neben den neuesten Produkt-Highlights und Innovationen stehen daher Spiel und Spaß im Vordergrund des Messeauftritts – es gibt extra eine Geburtstagsfläche sowie die Möglichkeit etwas zu gewinnen »Die fünfzigjährige Erfolgsgeschichte unseres Combicon-Produktportfolios macht uns natürlich sehr stolz« sagt Torsten Janwlecke COO von Phoenix Contact »Diesen Geburtstag wollen wir daher mit unseren Handelspartnern und Kunden gebührend feiern « Insgesamt hat Phoenix Contact seit 1972 Combicon-Leiterplattenklemmen und -Steckverbinder in der Größenordnung von mehreren Milliarden Exemplaren produziert Und auch künftig soll die Leiterplattenanschlusstechnik ein wichtiger Bestandteil sein um die Vision der »All Electric Society« zu realisieren Doch zurück zu den Anfängen der wegweisenden Erfindung »Im Jahr 1972 wurde immer sichtbarer dass die Entwicklung im Schaltschrank im Maschinenbau oder in der Elektrizität in Richtung industrielle Elektronik läuft Wir entwickelten mit der KDS Klemme für gedruckte Schaltung die Ur-Klemme mit der wir in die Elektronik hineingegangen sind« erinnert sich Klaus Eisert Gesellschafter von Phoenix Contact und Ideengeber der ersten Printklemme Das war der Beginn der Ära der industriellen Leiterplattenklemme von Phoenix Contact Aus diesen Anfängen entstand in den folgenden Jahrzehnten ein immer größeres und vielfältigeres Produktportfolio Weltweit nutzen Anwender die grünen Klemmen und Steckverbinder beispielsweise in Wechselrichtern komplexen Steuerungen oder im Smart Home Zu den Innovationen aus Blomberg die sich international durchgesetzt haben gehören Leiterplattenklemmen mit Pushin-Federanschluss die Erfindung der einreihigen Steckverbinder in variablen Polzahlen und mit Schraubanschluss für eine individuelle Feldverdrahtung sowie die ersten Hebelklemmen mit zusätzlicher Pushin-Funktion Auch die modular konfigurierbaren Leiterplattenklemmen der Serie »SPT modular« gehören dazu Auf dem Messestand von Phoenix Contact können sich die Besucher davon überzeugen dass der Leiterplattenanschluss immer kompakter leistungsfähiger und einfacher bedienbar wird Viel Spaß beim Informieren und Mitfeiern cp Phoenix Contact Halle B3 Stand 103 Bild W EKA Fachm edien Insgesamt hat Phoenix Contact seit 1972 Combicon-Leiterplattenklemmen und -Steckverbinder in der Größenordnung von mehreren Milliarden Exemplaren produziert Ein Grund zu feiern – auch auf der electronica Auf der Geburtstagsfläche können Sie zum Beispiel Ihr Spiel machen und gewinnen